Potentialities of fungi, prospects for their applications and their impact on Cuban society
Main Article Content
Abstract
Fungi represent a megadiverse group and are true factories of secondary metabolites. In this work, a compilation of the current potentialities that these organisms possess in the different spheres of society worldwide was made. In addition, the applications they have in Cuban society and their perspectives in the research field were included. This compendium of information shows that they play a fundamental role in different sectors: agricultural, biotechnological, pharmaceutical, bioremediation and for the human feeding. In Cuba, despite the use of fungi in the production of biological media, the development of new technologies for the production of edible fungi and the search for bioactive secondary metabolites, there are still limitations in the research carried out from these organisms, despite the great fungal diversity that the country has.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Those authors who have publications with this journal accept the following terms of the License Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0):
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
The journal is not responsible for the opinions and concepts expressed in the works, they are the sole responsibility of the authors. The Editor, with the assistance of the Editorial Committee, reserves the right to suggest or request advisable or necessary modifications. They are accepted to publish original scientific papers, research results of interest that have not been published or sent to another journal for the same purpose.
The mention of trademarks of equipment, instruments or specific materials is for identification purposes, and there is no promotional commitment in relation to them, neither by the authors nor by the publisher.
How to Cite
References
Almándoz, J.; Fernández, E.; González, G.; Casanueva, K.; Porras, Á.; Orbeal, G. y Díaz, J.A. (2016). Análisis de la utilización de agentes de control biológico en los sistemas de cultivos protegidos en Cuba. Analysis of the utilization of biological control agents in the protected crop systems in Cuba. Fitosanidad, 20(1): 45–51. Disponible en: http://www.fitosanidad.cu/ index.php/fitosanidad/article/view/623. ISSN: 1818-1686.
Begum, S.; Iqbal, M.; Iqbal, Z.; Shah, H.U. y Numan, M. (2018). Assessment of Mycelia Extract from Trichoderma harzianum for its Antifungal, Insecticidal and Phytotoxic Importance. Journal of Plant Biochemistry y Physiology, 6(1). https://doi.org/ 10.4172/2329-9029.1000209. ISSN: 2329-9029.
Buyck, B.; Duhem, B.; Das, K.; Jayawardena, R.S.; Niveiro, N.; Pereira, O.L.; Prasher, I.B.; Adhikari, S.; Albertó, E.; Bulgakov, T.; Castañeda-Ruiz, R.F.; Hembrom, M.E.; Hydep, K.D.; Lewish, D.P.; Michlig, A.; Nuytinck, J.; Parihar, A.; Popoff, O.F.; Ramirez, N.A.; da Silva, M.; Verma, R.K. y Hofstetter, V. (2017). Fungal biodiversity profiles 21-30. Cryptogamie, Mycologie, 38(1): 101–146. ISSN: 2414-4673.
Calero, A.; Quintero, E. y Pérez, Y. (2017). Utilización de diferentes bioproductos en la producción de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L). Agrotecnia de Cuba, 14(1): 17–24. ISSN: 2414-4673.
Cano, M.A. (2011). Interacción de microorganismos benéficos en plantas: Micorrizas, Trichoderma spp. y Pseudomonas. Rev. U.D.C.A Act. e Div. Cient., 14(2): 15–31. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.co/ scielo.php?pid=S0123-42262011000200003&scr ipt=sci_arttext&tlng=en. ISSN: 2619-2551.
Castañeda, R. (2013). El cultivo artesanal de hongos comestibles. Publicaciones Acuario, Centro Félix Varela. La Habana, Cuba. ISBN: 978-959-7226-01-7.
Castillo, P.G.; Eng, F.S.; Nogueiras, C.L.; Michelena, A.G.; Sánchez, B.J. y Acosta, E.M. (2014). Caracterización del proceso fermentativo de Lasiodiplodia theobromae mediante cromatografía gaseosa y cromatografía gaseosa acoplada a espectrometría de masas. Revista CENIC Ciencias Químicas, 45: 90–95. ISSN: 2221-2442.
Chun, S.C.; Muthu, M.; Hasan, N.; Tasneem, S. y Gopal, J. (2019). Mycoremediation of PCBs by Pleurotus ostreatus: Possibilities and Prospects. Applied Sciences, 9(19): 4185.https://doi.org/ 10.3390/app9194185. ISSN: 2076-3417
Coton, E.; Coton, M.; Hymery, N.; Mounier, J. y Jany, J.L. (2020). Penicillium roqueforti: an overview of its genetics, physiology, metabolism and biotechnological applications. Fungal Biology Reviews, 34(2): 59–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbr.2020.03.001. ISSN: 1749-4613.
De, A.; Bose, R.; Kumar, A.y Mozumdar, (2014). World wide Pesticide Use. En: De, A., Bose, R., Kumar, A., y Mozumdar, S. Targeted (eds.) Delivery of Pesticides Using Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticles. Springer, New Delhi, India. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1689-6_2. ISSN: 2193-1801.
Degenkolb, T. y Vilcinskas, A. (2016). Metabolites from nematophagous fungi and nematicidal natural products from fungi as alternatives for biological control. Part II: metabolites from nematophagous basidiomycetes and non-nematophagous fungi. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 100(9): 3813–3824. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00253-015-7234-5. ISSN (Online): 1432-0614.
Demain, A.L. y Sanchez, S. (2009). Microbial drug discovery: 80 Years of progress. Journal of Antibiotics, 62(1): 5–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/ja.2008.16. ISSN: 0021-8820.
Devi, R.; Kaur, T.; Guleria, G.; Rana, K.L.; Kour, D.; Yadav, N.; Yadav, A.N. y Saxena, A.K. (2020). New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering. En: Rastegari, A.A.; Yadav, A.N. y Yadav, N. (eds.), New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 147–161. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820528-0.00010-7. ISBN: 978-044-463-507-5.
Dufossé, L.; Fouillaud, M.; Caro, Y.; Mapari, y Sutthiwong, N. (2014). Filamentous fungi are large-scale producers of pigments and colorants for the food industry. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 26:56–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2013.09.007. ISSN: 0958-1669.
Elbashiti, T.; Fayyad, A. y Elkichaoui, A. (2010). Isolation and Identification of Aspergillus oryzae and the Production of Soy Sauce with New Aroma. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 9(12). Disponible en: http://site.iugaza.edu.ps/tbashiti/ files/2010/02/fin18381.pdf. ISSN: 1680-5194.
Enjamio, A. y Rodríguez, M. (1995). Cultivo de dos cepas de Pleurotus sobre diferentes mezclas de sustratos. Revista del Jardín Botánico de Cuba. Vol. XVI, 69-71. Disponible en: https://www.jstor.org/stable/42596980. ISSN: 0253-5696.
Falagas, M.E.; Grammatikos, A.P. y Michalopoulos, A. (2008). Potential of old-generation antibiotics to address current need for new antibiotics. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, 6(5): 593–600. https://doi.org/10.1586/14787210.6.5.593. ISSN: 1478-7210.
Fisher, M.C.; Henk, D.A.; Briggs, C.J.; Brownstein, J.S.; Madoff, L.C.; Mc Craw, S.L. y Gurr, S.J. (2012). Emerging fungal threats to animal, plant and ecosystem health. Nature, 484: 186–194. ISSN: 1476-4687.
Font Quer, P. (2000). Plantas medicinales: El Dioscórides renovado. Barcelona, España: Editorial Labor, S.A. ISBN: 84-335-0834-3.
Gnanam, C.R. (2013). Introduction to Mycology. MJP Publishers. New Dheli, India. ISBN: 978-818-094-198-6.
Gupta, A.K.; Foley, K.A. y Versteeg, S.G. (2017). New Antifungal Agents and New Formulations Against Dermatophytes. Mycopathologia, 182(1–2): 127–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-016-0045-0. ISSN: 1573-0832.
Guruceaga, X.; Perez-Cuesta, U.; Abad-Diaz de Cerio, A.; Gonzalez, O.; Alonso, R.M.; Hernando, F.L.; Ramirez-Garcia, A. y Rementeria, A. (2019). Fumagillin, a Mycotoxin of Aspergillus fumigatus: Biosynthesis, Biological Activities, Detection, and Applications. Toxins, 12(1): 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12010007. ISSN: 2072-6651.
Gurung, A.B.; Ali, M.A.; Lee, J.; Abul Farah, M. y Al-Anazi, K.M. (2020). In silico screening of FDA approved drugs reveals ergotamine and dihydroergotamine as potential coronavirus main protease enzyme inhibitors. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 27(10): 2674–2682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.06.005. ISSN: 1319-562X.
Haneef, M.; Ceseracciu, L.; Canale, C.; Bayer, I.S.; Heredia-Guerrero, J.A. y Athanassiou, A. (2017). Advanced Materials from Fungal Mycelium: Fabrication and Tuning of Physical Properties. Scientific Reports, 7(1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep41292. ISSN: 2045-2322.
Hawksworth, D. y Lücking, R. (2017). Fungal Diversity Revisited: 2.2 to 3.8 Million Species. Microbiol Spectrum, 5(4). https:// doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0052-2016. ISSN: 2165-0497.
Hohmann, S. (2016). Nobel yeast research.FEMS Yeast Research, 16(8): 94. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsyr/fow094. ISSN: 1567-1364.
Holt, C.D. (2017). Overview of Immunosuppressive Therapy in Solid Organ Transplantation. Anesthesiology Clinics, 35(3): 365–380.ISSN: 1932-2275.
IOM (2011). Fungal Diseases: An Emerging Threat to Human, Animal, and Plant Health. The National Academies Press. ISBN-13: 978-030-921-226-7.
Keum, Y.S. y Li, Q.X. (2004). Fungal laccase-catalyzed degradation of hydroxy polychlorinated biphenyls. Chemosphere, 56(1): 23–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.02.028. ISSN: 1879-1298.
Khan, S.; Shah, Z.U.; Xu, J.; Khan, A.; Munir, S. y Hasan, F. (2017). Biodegradation of polyester polyurethane by Aspergillus tubingensis. Environmental Pollution, 225: 469–480. https://doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.012.
Kumar, A. y Kumar, A. (2019). Fungal metabolites as a natural source of herbicide: a novel approach of weed management. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 11(1): 158–163. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i1.1994. ISSN: 0974-9411.
LIFE (2017). The Burden of Fungal Disease, new evidence to show the scale of the problem across the world. Disponible en: http://go.nature.com/2sMKpuN.
Lin, W.C.; Lee, M.T.; Lo, C.T.; Chang, S.C. y Lee, T.T. (2018). Effects of dietary supplementation of Trichoderma pseudokoningii fermented enzyme powder on growth performance, intestinal morphology, microflora and serum antioxidantive status in broiler chickens. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 17(1): 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2017.1355273. ISSN: 1594-4077.
Ma, Y.Z.; Qiang, G.F. y Du, G.H. (2018). Ergometrine and Ergotamine. En: Du, G. (ed.). Natural Small Molecule Drugs from Plants, 237–242. Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8022-7_39. ISBN: 978-981-197-646-9.
Mancina, C.A. y Cruz, D.D. (2017). Diversidad biológica de Cuba: métodos de inventario, monitoreo y colecciones biológicas. Editorial AMA. La Habana, Cuba. ISBN: 978-959-300-130-4.
Márquez, M.E.; Gómez, R. y Jiménez, J. (2015). Obtención de bioplaguicidas por tecnologías artesanales para el control de plagas agrícolas en Cuba. Fitosanidad, 19(2). Disponible en: http://www.fitosanidad.cu/index.php/fitosanidad/article/view/541. ISSN: 1818-1686.
Ministerio de Ciencia Técnica y Medio Ambiente (2019). Sexto Informe Nacional al Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica. República de Cuba. 470 pp. Disponible en: https://www.cbd.int.doc
Moore, D.; Robson, G.D. y Trinci, A.P.J. (2011). 21st Century Guidebook to Fungi. Cambridge University Press. ISBN-13: 978-110-874-568-0.
Nielsen, J. (2019). Yeast Systems Biology: Model Organism and Cell Factory. Biotechnology Journal, 14(9): 1800421. https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.201800421. ISSN: 1860-7314.
Nielsen, J.C. y Nielsen, J. (2017). Development of fungal cell factories for the production of secondary metabolites: Linking genomics and metabolism. Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology, 2(1): 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synbio.2017.02.002. ISSN: 2097-1206.
Ortiz, Y.; Ramos, B.; Álvarez, M.E.; Valdés, R.; Lorenzo, Y.; Plana, L.; Marrero, I.; García, D.; Aguado, Y.; Ruenes, M.E.; Bacallao, A. y Castañeda, R.F. (2016). Actividad fungicida de cepas del género Cladobotryum sobre Corynespora casiicola. Agrotecnia de Cuba, 40(1): 71–83. ISSN: 2414-4673.
Ortiz, Y.; Ramos, B.; Castañeda, R.F.; Plana, L.; Álvarez, M.E.; Lorenzo, Y.; Marrero, I.; García, D.; Ruenes, M.E.; Bacallao, A. y Aguado, Y. (2017). Actividad antagonista de cepas de Cladobotryum, Beltraniopsis, Beltraniella y Beltrania sobre Fusarium chlamydosporum. Agrotecnia de Cuba, 41(2): 24–37. ISSN: 2414-4673.
Otto, A.; Laub, A.; Wendt, L.; Porzel, A.; Schmidt, J.; Palfner, G.; Becerra, J.; Krüger, D.; Stadler, M.; Wessjohann, L.; Westermann, B. y Arnold, N. (2016). Chilenopeptins A and B, Peptaibols from the Chilean Sepedonium aff. chalcipori KSH 883. J. Nat. Prod., 79: 929−938. ISSN: 1520-6025.
Parapouli, M.; Vasileiadis, A.; Afendra, A.S. y Hatziloukas, E. (2020). Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its industrial applications. AIMS Microbiology, 6(1): 1–31. https://doi.org/ 10.3934/microbiol.2020001. ISSN:2471-1888.
Park, H.S.; Jun, S.C.; Han, K.H.; Hong, y Yu, J.H. (2017). Diversity, Application, and Synthetic Biology of Industrially Important Aspergillus Fungi. Advances in Applied Microbiology, 100:161–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aambs.2017.03.001. ISSN:0065-2164.
Pattanayak, S.; Das, S. y Biswal, G. (2020). Ganoderma: The wild mushroom with wonderful health benefits. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.22271/ phyto.2020.v9.i2Sf.11695. ISSN:2278-4136.
Pérez, G. (1999). Control de la calidad en las colecciones de cultivos microbianos. En: Boletín informativo No. 2 del Centro de Información para Colecciones Cubanas de Cultivos Microbianos.
Pérez, L.; Batle, A.; Chacón, J. y Montenegro,V. (2009). Eficacia de Trichoderma harzianum A 34 en el biocontrol de Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense, agente causal de la marchitez por Fusarium o mal de Panamá de los bananos en Cuba. Fitosanidad, 13(4): 259–263. ISSN:1818-1686.
Petre, M. (2016). Mushroom Biotechnology. Developments and Applications. Academic Press. United States. ISBN:978-012-802-794-3.
Piepenbring, M. (2015). Introducción a la micología en los trópicos. The American Phytopathological Society Press. Minnesota, U.S.A. ISBN:978-0-89054-456-3
Plana, L.; Hernández, E.; Llera, L.; Duarte, C. y Shagarodsky, T. (2019). Cultivo de Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. en paja de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Agrotecnia de Cuba, 43(2): 62–70. ISSN: 2414-4673.
Powell, K.A., Renwick, A. y Peberdy, J.F. (eds.) (2013). The genus Aspergillus: from taxonomy and genetics to industrial application. Springer Science and Business Media. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-1-4899-0981-7.
Quevedo, H.J.; Maury, G.; Bermúdez, R.C. y Cos, P. (2018). Evaluación de la actividad inmunomoduladora de bioproductos obtenidos de la seta comestible-medicinal Pleurotus ostreatus. Revista Anales de La Academia de Ciencias de Cuba, 8(1): 1–10. ISSN: 2304-0106. Raghukumar, S. (2017). Fungi in Coastal and Oceanic Marine Ecosystems. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54304-8. ISBN-13: 978-331-954-303-1.
Sajith, S.; Priji, P.; Sreedevi, S. y Benjamin, S. (2016). An Overview on Fungal Cellulases with an Industrial Perspective. Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 6(1). https://doi.org/ 10.4172/2155-9600.1000461. ISSN:2766-5801.
Sarac, N.; Alli, H.; Baygar, T. y Ugur, A. (2018). In vitro anticoagulant and antiinflammatory activities of Geastrum fimbriatum Fr., namely as Earthstar fungus. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 6(1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.454836. ISSN: 2148-6905.
Schmoll, M. y Schuster, A. (2010). Biology and biotechnology of Trichoderma. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 87(3): 787–799. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00253-010-2632-1. ISSN:1432-0614.
Semwal, M. y Sharma, Y. (2020). A Review on Ganoderma (King of herbs): Health benefits as health supplements. International Journal of Health and Clinical Research, 3(1): 7–10. Disponible en. www.ijhcr.com. ISSN:2590-3241.
Singh, R., Kumar, M., Mittal, A. y Mehta, P.K. (2016). Microbial enzymes: industrial progress in 21st century. Biotech., 6(2): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-016-0485-8. ISSN:2190-5738.
Solomon, L.; Tomii, V.P. y Dick, A.A. (2019). Importance of Fungi in the Petroleum, Agro-Allied, Agriculture and Pharmaceutical Industries. New York Science Journal, 12(5): 8–15. https://doi.org/10.7537/marsnys120519.02. ISSN:2375-723X.
Sood, S.; Sandhu, S.S. y Mukherjee, T.K. (2017). Pharmacological and Therapeutic Potential of Beauvericin: A Short Review. Journal of Proteomics and Bioinformatics, 10(1). https:// doi.org/10.4172/jpb.1000421. ISSN:0974-276X.
Sosa, A.; González, N.; García, Y.; Marrero, Y.; Valiño, E.; Galindo, J.; Sosa, D.; Alberto, M.; Roque, D.; Albelo, N.; Colomina, L. y Moreira, O. (2017). Colección de microorganismos con potencialidades como aditivos para la nutrición animal del Instituto de Ciencia Animal. Cuban J. Agric. Sci., 51(3). ISSN:2157-7579 JVST.
Stanczyk, F.Z. y Archer, D.F. (2014). Gestodene: A review of its pharmacology, potency and tolerability in combined contraceptive preparations. Contraception, 89(4): 242–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2013.12.003. ISSN:0010-7824.
Sumiyoshi, M.; Miyazaki, T.; Makau, J.N.; Mizuta, S.; Tanaka, Y.; Ishikawa, T.; Makimura, K.; Hirayama, T.; Takazono, T.; Saijo, T.; Yamaguchi, H.; Shimamura, S.; Yamamoto, K., Imamura, Y.; Sakamoto, N.; Obase, Y.; Izumikawa, K.; Yanagihara, K.; Kohno, S. y Mukae, H. (2020). Novel and potent antimicrobial effects of caspofungin on drug- resistant Candida and bacteria. Scientific Reports, 10(1): 17745. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74749-8. ISSN:2045-2322.
Thanikaivelan, P.; Rao, J.R.; Nair, B.U. y Ramasami, T. (2004). Progress and recent trends in biotechnological methods for leather processing. Trends in Biotechnology 22(4): 181–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.tibtech.2004.02.008. ISSN:1815-8242.
Tiago, P.V.; de Oliveira, N.T. y Lima, E.Á. (2014). Controle biológico de insectos utilizando Metarhizium anisopliae: Aspectos morfológicos, moleculares e ecológicos. Ciencia Rural, 44(4): 645–651. https://doi.org/10.1590/ S0103-84782014000400012. ISSN:0103-8478.
Toth, P.P. y Banach, M. (2019). Statins: Then and Now. Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal 15(1): 23–31. https://doi.org/10.14797/ mdcj-15-1-23. ISSN:19476094
Vales, M.A., Álvarez, A., Montes, L. y Ávila, A. (1998). Estudio Nacional de la Diversidad Biológica en la República de Cuba. CESYTA. Disponible en: http://repositorio.geotech.cu/jspui/handle/1234/2736.
Vázquez, L.L. (2014). Compendio de bue‐ nas prácticas agroecológicas en manejo de plagas. Editora Agroeocológica. Cuba. IBSN:978-959-7210-81-8
Vieira, A.; Souza, T.; Silva, L.; Mendonça, F. y Parachin, N. (2018). Comparison of Yeasts as Hosts for Recombinant Protein Production. Mi‐ croorganisms, 6(2): 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms6020038. ISSN:2076-2607
Vinale, F.; Flematti, G.; Sivasithamparam, K.; Lorito, M.; Marra, R.; Skelton, B.W. y Ghisalberti, E.L. (2009). Harzianic acid, an antifungal and plant growth promoting metabolite from Trichoderma harzianum. Journal of Natural Products 72(11): 2032–2035. American Chemical Society and American Society of Pharmacognos. https://doi.org/10.1021/np900548p. ISSN:0163-3864
Vinale, F.; Nigro, M.; Sivasithamparam, K.; Flematti, G.; Ghisalberti, E.L.; Ruocco, M.; Varlese, R.; Marra, R.; Lanzuise, S.; Eid, A.; Woo, S.L. y Lorito, M. (2013). Harzianic acid: a novel siderophore from Trichoderma harzianum. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 347(2). https://doi.org/ 10.1111/1574-6968.12231. ISSN:1574-6968
White, C., Alshaker, H., Cooper, C., Winkler, M., y Pchejetski, D. (2016). The emerging role of FTY720 (Fingolimod) in cancer treatment. Oncotarget, 7(17): 23106–23127. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.7145. ISSN:1949-2553
Wiebe, M.G. (2004). QuornTM myco-protein - Overview of a successful fungal product. Mycologist 18(1): 17–20. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/S0269915X04001089. ISSN:1474-0605
Willis, K.J. (2018). State of the world’s fungi 2018. Report. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Publishing. U. K. ISSN: 978-1-84246-678-0. Disponible en: https://www.kew.iro.bl.uk
Zhang, Y.; Zhang, M.; Jiang, Y.; Li, X.; He, Y.; Zeng, P.; Guo, Z.; Chang, Y.; Luo, H.; Liu, Y.; Hao, C.; Wang, H.; Zhang, G. y Zhang, L. (2018). Lentinan as an immunotherapeutic for treating lung cancer: a review of 12 years clinical studies in China. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, 144(11): 2177–2186. ISSN:1432-1335
Zied, D.C. y Pardo-Giménez, A. (2017). Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms. Technology and Applications. John Wiley y Sons. ISBN:97811191494461. Disponible en https://www.wiley.com